NARRATOR: During the crisis, Flint suffers one of the largest outbreaks in U.S. history of Legionnaires' disease. and manufactured mold equipment for Anchor Hocking. When you find flint that has been embedded in a chalk bed, it is common to find an imprint of shells cast into the surface. From Mesopotamia and Egypt, glassmaking using the basic soda-lime-silica composition traveled to Phoenicia, along the coast of present-day Lebanon. Handle, stem, or bottom also could be fused to the vessel when desired. a New York-based private equity firm. The first beer pasteurized in glass was produced in Copenhagen in 1870. raised $8,000 to buy the Lancaster Carbon Company, Lancaster, Ohio, when 1924 when the Black Cat was reduced to ashes by a tremendous fire. Anchor was purchased in 28 March 1979, Taylor, Smith & Taylor was sold on COPYRIGHT 2015 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. The Colburn machine borrowed its design from the papermaking process. The original (The float process is described in Glass forming: Flat glass.) The channel to the crystalline state is evaded...…. Most of the glass produced was soda-lime glass. Hocking basically used only three markings over its history. the Hocking Glass Company. In the United States, large-scale production of bottles was pioneered by Caspar Wistar in 1739 at his New Jersey plant. The automatic single-gob feeder was developed in 1919–22 by Karl Peiler at the Hartford-Fairmont Company in Connecticut. A flint and steel is a tool used to light fires. In the mid-19th century, with the understanding of the first law of thermodynamics (namely, the equivalence of work and heat), procedures for heat regeneration were established. In In addition, the glass sheets, like all flat glasses produced by earlier processes, had to be ground and polished for optical clarity. They continued to expand Company plants. Despite all Glass. Glassmaking skills in Europe declined after ad 200; for about a thousand years, standards remained far below those of the Romans. During World War I, with supply from Germany cut off, optical glass suddenly became a strategic material. Desirable but scarcer materials included potash, produced by burning seaweed and favoured by the Venetians above soda ash, and calcined and crushed river pebbles (selected for their whiteness), which most Italian glassmakers preferred to common sand. The Careers Learn about the Kitchen Magic company culture, why YOU will want to work here too, and see all of our available positions. word "Glass" was dropped from the company's name in 1969 because Hocking filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in April 2006 and the The sign below was photographed on the Salem, NJ former King; however, it is the mark of Federal Glass Company. raised production rates from 1 item per minute to over 30 items per minute. over H" used from 1937 until 1968, and the "anchor in the square" the company had evolved into an international company with an infinite Near the beginning of the Christian era, the Phoenicians learned how to blow glass with a blowing iron. Elegant and Depression Glass Gallery and Information. it went into receivership in 1905. in four basic markets: house wares, hardware, home furnishings, and office Hocking Glass Corporation continued to expand into other areas of production The Romans were perhaps the first to develop flat glass for use as windows: a bathhouse window of greenish blue colour, most likely obtained by casting, was discovered in the ruins of Pompeii. Figure 13: The making of broad glass, from an engraving of a German glassworks, 1865. such as tableware, closure and sealing machinery, and toiletries and cosmetic They had entered the plastic market in 1968 with the acquisition Phoenix Glass Company After removing the mold and core, the glass surfaces were ground smooth. 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 The Battle of Demons Run 1.3 Gene-spliced humans 1.4 Defeating the … The real revival of glassmaking skills in Europe came by way of Venice through contact with the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium). A glass bottle bearing Thutmose’s hieroglyph is in the British Museum in London. With a check for $17,000 in Ohio became an Anchor Hocking Corporation subsidiary. the Black Cat from all the carbon dust. The disk was very uneven, being thickest near the centre and marked by concentric circular waves; at the very middle was the fractured nub, or crown, marking the point of former attachment to the pontil. The formed product was left to cool slowly in yet a third compartment located above or to the side. "large H over the small A" mark is one of the most common mis-identifications. Very small differences in oxide content can drastically affect the final colour of a glass; yet colours and tints were reproduced time and again with remarkable consistency. Seventy-five years later, in 1942, electric-arc fusion-cast refractories became commercially available—particularly the ZAC refractory (35 percent zirconia, 53 percent alumina, and 12 percent silica) developed by Gordon Fulcher at Corning Glass Works in New York. Glass quality improved by the addition of low-iron potash and purer quartz. Until the mid-19th century, optical glass of reliable quality was rare. Two continuous flat-glass machines were introduced about the turn of the 20th century: the updraw machine, designed by Émile Fourcault of Belgium; and the Irving Colburn machine, developed at the Libbey-Owens Glass Company in Charleston, W.Va., U.S. known as the General Development Laboratory. Anchor Hocking Corporation entered the lighting The company has started using a stylizied In the 1770s the carbonation process for producing soft drinks was developed, and so began an entirely new bottling industry. sold on 22 January 1988, and Carr-Lowry Glass was sold on 12 October 1989. The history of Kitchen Magic from 1979 to the present, why the gnomes were chosen for the company logo. company, named for the Hocking River near which the plant was located, A solid iron rod called the pontil was used to wrap, twirl, or pinch glass into desired complexities. Fully automatic machines followed, but the true rugged survivor, utilizing fully automatic gob delivery to the maximum versatility, was the Individual Section, or IS, machine invented by Henry Ingle at the Hartford Empire Company in 1925. its interest in the Glass Container Division to an affiliate of the Wesray In 1807 John Dalton’s atomic theory was published. Most medieval church windows were made from broad glass. Newell Corporation eventually After Constantinople was captured by the Turks in 1453, however, the Venetian glass trade fell. Maryland, had been working in the decorating department of the Ohio Flint plant for Anchor Hocking Glass Company. made and sold approximately $20,000 worth of glassware in the first year. The tank was 7.5 metres by 2.3 metres, with a glass depth of 50 centimetres (20 inches). in Lancaster, Ohio. Unfortunately the $8,000 that It was in 1867 that Friedrich Siemens, working in his late brother Hans’ factory in Dresden, Ger., successfully converted a day tank to a continuous cross-fired furnace equipped with regenerators. a plant in Springdale, Ohio. Today, Anchor Hocking enjoys the financial backing and resources as one The The Sir Russell Flint, was born in Edinburgh 4th April, 1880. Corporation. below. Glass Company entered the glass container business in 1931 with the purchase They managed to raise 1962, the company built a new glass container plant in Houston, Texas In these furnaces wood fires burned within a lower compartment, directly beneath a compartment where a glass melting pot was placed. product list. Allied governments funded the expansion of optical glassmaking facilities at Chance Brothers in England and at Bausch & Lomb in the United States. An opaque white glass, made by using tin, was important in glass cameo work, of which the famous Portland vase, made in 1st-century Rome, is an outstanding example. It originated perhaps in Mesopotamia and was brought later to Egypt. Industrial glass - Industrial glass - History of glassmaking: Glass as an independent object (mostly as beads) dates back to about 2500 bc. These refractories displayed extremely high resistance to corrosion during continuous contact with glass at elevated temperatures and paved the way to the current technology. As pioneered by the brothers Friedrich and William Siemens, working with the Chance brothers in England about 1860, regenerator-equipped pot furnaces consumed only about one-tenth of the fuel of the old furnaces. The containers through the expansion of existing facilities and the purchase Disks more than about 1.5 metres in diameter were hardly practical. Glass Container Corporation with seven manufacturing plants and its office A further development, the electro-float process, introduced in 1967, made it possible to implant copper and other metal ions into the upper surface of glass using tin as an electrode at the bottom and a fixed copper (or other metal) electrode halfway down the bath at the top. "anchor over H" in the last few years. The company designed In these furnaces, covered pots for glass melting were placed on a middle level slightly below the ground, and an underground tunnel brought in high-velocity upward air drafts. These processes employed manual delivery; fully automatic jar forming by a suction-and-blow process was perfected by Michael Owens over the period 1895–1917 at the Toledo (Ohio) Glass Company, which subsequently became the Owens Bottle Machine Company. months of negotiations, Libbey Glass withdrew their offer in the midst and survive the depression when so many other companies vanished. Still, glass blanks had to be ground and polished to a lens prescription. Their products and their secrets were so much sought after that regulations were passed forbidding the emigration of workers. of glassware. Most of the mechanization in glass forming began during the late 19th century, and much of that took place on the North American continent. Good. The cast plates were subsequently ground and polished. A pontil rod was attached to the other end, and the blowing iron was cracked off, leaving a jagged opening. Over company has both a confusing name and emblem. The sheet was then gripped at the edges by nonchilling asbestos rollers and pulled farther up the draw tower. Such glass was not truly flat. Upon cooling, the disk was cracked off the pontil rod. Monaca, Pennsylvania. The terms glass and window glass are often used interchangeably in everyday language, so familiar is...…, …the terms amorphous solid and glass, other terms in use include noncrystalline solid and vitreous solid....…, Glass formation is a matter of bypassing crystallization. For a higher degree of flatness, glass had to be cast (generally on a steel table) and rolled. His father Francis Wighton Flint, was a watercolourist and designer, It helped Russell Flint considerably that his family was involved in artistic careers. The natural result was a gray glass, the overall transparency of which was even less than that of the otherwise slightly tinted glass. Flint glass is optical glass that has relatively high refractive index and low Abbe number (high dispersion).Flint glasses are arbitrarily defined as having an Abbe number of 50 to 55 or less. The blowing iron was an iron tube about 1.5 metres (5 feet) long, with a mouthpiece at one end and a knob for holding soft glass at the other end. The marks are pictured in 2001, Newell Corporation entered into negotiations with Libbey Glass In the Fourcault process, a one- to two-metre-wide steel mesh bait was introduced into molten glass at the working end of the furnace. Glass bottles, flacons and containers for pharmaceutical and sanitizers, oil and vinegar, spirits, wine, beers and chempagne and home fragrances. After Subsequently, the principles of permanent stress generation and of fine annealing of optical glass were established. The sheet was drawn vertically from the glass surface, but, after rising only a few metres, it was gradually bent over a polished nickel-alloy roller to become horizontal, ultimately traveling into the annealing lehr. This plant was designed to produce blown when everything seemed to be going well, tragedy struck the company in A mass of glass was gathered and blown into a globe at the end of the blowing iron and marvered to a conical shape. As early as the 13th century the Venetian island of Murano had become the centre for glassmaking. The development of systematic quantitative chemical analysis in 1808 by Jöns Jacob Berzelius, followed by chemical formulas and chemical equations, contributed a great deal to the establishment of large-scale industrial supply of purified raw materials. The principles of his atomic structure theory are outlined in the section on Glass formation. Kunckel also developed a phosphate opal glass, also called porcelain glass or Milchglas, by adding burned bone or horn to the soda-lime batch. Corning Glass Works was founded in 1851 by Amory Houghton, in Somerville, Massachusetts, originally as the Bay State Glass Co.It later moved to Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York, and operated as the Brooklyn Flint Glass Works.The company moved again to its ultimate home and namesake, the city of Corning, New York, in 1868 under leadership of the founder's son, Amory Houghton, Jr. Flint fractures differently from many crystals. Maywood Glass. Most of our plastic bottles, glass bottles, plastic jars, and glass jars have multiple closure choices for different product applications. Exclusive and customizable design. The cylinder was slit when cold and gradually opened with moderate reheating to become flat (see Figure 13). During the late 17th century, cone-shaped, or “English,” glass furnaces using coal as fuel appeared. Glass made from this process was flatter than crown glass and did not have the telltale crown in the middle; moreover, it could be made in much larger pieces. provided by Mr. Good, one building, two day-tanks, and 50 employees, Mr. Glass Company. Anchor Glass Company when this opportunity arose. The Company, located in Chester, West Virginia, to make earthenware, fine GHP is owned by Cerberus Capital Management, Anchor Flint nodules can appear in various smooth, rounded shapes embedded in chalk or limestone. For more than 200 years Stoelzle Glass Group has been known for its utmost know-how and excellence in the manufacturing of high-end packaging glass.Stoelzle manufactures moulded glass containers for the pharmaceutical, spirits, food, perfumery and cosmetic industry in a huge variety of different designs and sizes. Work on optical glass had also been started by Carl Zeiss at Jena, Ger., in 1846. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Throughout the development of early glass, the crucible material was natural clay. The range of articles, as well as the quality of the material, was poor; the glass was of inferior colour and marred by streaks and bubbles. "HG over Co" was used from 1905 until 1937, the "anchor Indeed, one of the highlights of the Great Exhibition of 1851 was a disk of very homogeneous dense flint, 29 inches in diameter and 2.25 inches thick, made by Chance Brothers. By using 15 percent lead oxide, quartz pebbles imported from the Po River in Italy, and purer potash, he produced a fine, lustrous glass, soft enough to be cut and engraved easily and of greater refractive power than the common soda-lime glass. Mr. Collins, a native of Salisbury, Maryland, had been working in the decorating department of the Ohio Flint Glass Company when this opportunity arose. In 1932 W.H. glass container plants in Salem, New Jersey and Connellsville, Pennsylvania. Above all, the materials needed for its manufacture were plentiful: sand and limestone were ubiquitous, and soda ash was readily obtainable from the hardwood forests that also provided fuel for the furnaces. Mr. Collins, a native of Salisbury, It was the French chemist Jean-Baptiste-André Dumas who showed in 1830 that the durability of soda-lime-silica glass was maximized when the ratio of the three was 1:1:6; this is essentially the modern soda-lime-silica composition. Ohio. The Glass Container Division was to be known as the Anchor The pot floor was made first, before the sidewalls and the cover with a side opening were added. Despite its advantages over crown glass, broad glass had surface waviness and variations in thickness. of Plastics Incorporated in St. Paul, Minnesota. Important light olive green , unique 'scroll shaped" pitkin, patterned in a 28 rib broken swirl, covered in seed bubbles, probably Hilltown Glass works Bucks County Pennsylvania 1752 - 1783 , possibly 18th century New England glass house1755-1800 , ( Mellon inkwells attributed to Connecticut are known to have been patterned with 28 vertical ribs and a 28 broken swirl pattern). In addition, the development of a concise chemical terminology removed much of the ambiguity and confusion characteristic of previous work. The stained-glass windows that began to appear in the new Gothic churches in Europe in the 12th century reached their full splendour in the 13th and 14th centuries. The cooled glass adhered to the bait and was pulled upward between water-cooled tubes that solidified the sheet edges. A blob of molten glass was collected on the knob end and rolled into a suitable shape on a flat surface of iron or stone called the marver. Hocking Glass Corporation came into existence on December 31, 1937 when and Development Center in Lancaster, Ohio, purchased the Tropical Glass A need to obtain higher resistance to chemical attack by molten glass was recognized: clays of a high alumina-to-silica ratio, with minimal impurities, were recommended for areas of glass contact as well as the furnace crown. stoneware, institutional china dinnerware, and commemorative collector In the Bicheroux process, introduced in Germany in the 1920s, about a ton of glass was melted in a pot and carried to the table, where it was poured through a pair of rollers. In 1674 George Ravenscroft of London experimented with “flint” glass, a lead-crystal composition made with a large proportion of calcined flints and potash. the Anchor Cap and Closure Corporation and its subsidiaries merged with Corning Glass Works founded in Somerville, MA, originally as Bay State Glass Co. 1868 - After subsequently operating as Brooklyn Flint Glass Co, company moved to Corning, NY: 1893 - Borosilicate glass first made by German company Schott AG and marketed as "Duran" 1908 - Zachariasen’s work placed the understanding of glass structure and its relationship to composition on its modern footing. Glass beads and bangles characteristic of the Hindu culture of about 200 bc have been discovered in Nevasa excavations. The Jena Glass Works became the dominant supplier of glass blanks for eyeglasses, microscopes, binoculars, cameras, and telescopes. was funded by selling $5,000 in stock to Thomas Fulton, who was to become In the 1950s, the corporation established the Research From there the art spread to Cyprus, Greece, and, by the 9th century bc, the Italian peninsula. Earlier 1880-1969. sold several of its businesses, including Anchor Hocking Glass Corporation, Choice of screw caps with or without liners, liquid and cream dispensing cap, spice shaker caps, flip top caps, lotion pumps, fine … to Global Home Products (GHP). In 1934, Hocking and its subsidiary developed "F in the shield" is often identified as Anchor Hocking's Fire The molding of a screw thread on a container was invented by John Mason in 1858. Production was expanded with the purchase of another day-tank. Significantly higher temperatures could be attained with such a design. The history of Russell Flint. was raised was not sufficient to purchase and operate the new company, for the purchase and transfer of Anchor Hocking Glass Corporation. This can be done by simply using the rock to scratch a glass bottle. In this process, which continued to be practiced with variations into the 20th century, a large cylinder, as much as 50 centimetres in diameter and 175 centimetres long, was made by repeated gathering, blowing, and swinging. The glassmaker then took the globe into the “glory hole” (the mouth) of the furnace, reheating it and at the same time spinning it to keep it from sagging. The discovery of the blowing iron brought in the development of pot furnaces, which have remained almost unchanged even to this day. In 1934, at the Corning Glass Works in New York, a 200-inch-diameter borosilicate glass mirror for the Hale Telescope at the Palomar Observatory was cast and annealed over eight months, cooling at a rate of approximately 1° F per day. The new machine Hocking After the conquests of Alexander the Great in the 4th century bc, glassmaking skills spread to the East, including the Indian subcontinent. In 1963 Zanesville Mold Company Anchor This During the same period, Johann Kunckel in Germany developed a reliable formula for producing ruby-red glass using gold chloride. Another characteristic to know if you have found flint is by testing the hardness of the stone. the years, several changes occurred in the company. Finally, it took seven years of intense development before Alastair Pilkington introduced in 1959 the float glass process, which altogether eliminated the need for grinding and polishing. In this process a shaped core was made, perhaps of mud, to which sections of coloured glass canes were attached. The development of the twin grinding and polishing machine in 1935 at the Pilkington Brothers works in Doncaster, Eng., made it possible for plate to be made by horizontal flow through a double-roller process and then ground and polished on-line. Anchor Hocking and Other Confusing Markings. Glass Etch and Pattern Gallery: Advanced search ... Glass History (5) Articles/Research Tools (188) ... Co-Operative Flint Bread Tray Design Patent D 13020-2 new Cat: Co-Operative Flint By: David McInturff The principles of the “press-and-blow” process for making wide-mouth jars were shown in the United States by Philip Arbogast in 1882, and the “blow-and-blow” process for making narrow-neck containers was demonstrated by Howard Ashley in England in 1885. They also showed astonishing skill in the way they used metallic oxides as colorizers. The Clarksburg, The density of glass varies with each type and ranges from 2000 to 8000 kg/m 3 (for comparison, from less dense than aluminum to more dense than iron) at standard conditions. The glassworks, said to be more than a kilometre long, was moved in its entirety to the island of Murano in 1291 because of the fires it had caused. personalizzabile. mold plastic containers. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. of 50% of the General Glass Company, which in turn acquired Turner Glass Many of the early designs failed to recognize the need for air drafts. To add to the problem, Anchor interest in the Lancaster Glass Company (later called Plant 2) and the West Virginia, facility was closed in November 1987, Shenango China was Operating from London in the late 19th century, they assisted the Doctor against various threats while also performing their own investigations. Collins was able to begin Hocking Glass Company operations at the Hocking Collins and his associates were not discouraged. Beautiful coloured glasses and techniques for decoration, such as gilding, also were developed. Vessels of glass appeared about 1450 bc, during the reign of Thutmose III, a pharaoh of the 18th dynasty of Egypt. This project With this renewed influx of capital, several facilities were upgraded BerzOmatic, or Lee/Rowan. Company of Winchester, Indiana. The use of compressed air in the early 1900s allowed the cylinders to be blown as large as 75 centimetres in diameter and up to 9 metres in length. At the Great Exhibition of 1851 in the Crystal Palace in London, one million “pop” bottles were consumed. However, so long as the amounts of the original colorizer and of its antidote were small and the thickness of the finished article was slight, the loss of transparency was less noticeable than the unwanted colour would have been. Compartmentalized furnaces were developed by the 9th and 10th centuries. Its moderate softening temperature made it very workable, and it could be readily resoftened a number of times if necessary to complete an article. Such a crucible could hardly withstand modern melting temperatures of 1,100° C (2,000° F) and higher, and most likely they contaminated the glass with iron. Roman attempts to make flat glass by pouring slabs about 12 millimetres (1/2 inch) thick were unrewarding. At some point, centrifugal force caused the globe to flash into a flat disk, which grew larger with continued spinning. As explained earlier, flint is a highly resistant rock, so if the rock scratches the bottle then it might be flint. For instance, the Solvay process for producing soda ash was set up in 1863 in Belgium. The Venetians made discoveries and innovations of their own, learning, for example, to eliminate all accidental colorizers from a glass melt by adding pyrolusite, a manganese mineral known as glassmaker’s soap.
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